Atomic And Molecular Spectra Laser By Rajkumar Pdf 56 <macOS>

| Concept | Description | |---------|-------------| | Stokes line | ( \nu_s = \nu_i - \nu_vib ) | | Anti-Stokes | ( \nu_as = \nu_i + \nu_vib ) | | Raman shift | Independent of ( \nu_i ), characteristic of molecule | | Intensity ratio | Anti-Stokes weaker than Stokes (due to Boltzmann population: ( N_v=1 < N_v=0 ) at room temp) | | Depolarization ratio | ( \rho = I_\perp/I_\parallel ) — indicates symmetry of vibration |

Doppler broadening (due to thermal motion) often limits resolution in gases. Saturation spectroscopy uses two counter-propagating laser beams to burn a spectral hole and probe only atoms with near-zero velocity. Resolutions below the natural linewidth are achievable. Atomic And Molecular Spectra Laser By Rajkumar Pdf 56

Spontaneous Raman scattering is inherently weak. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy (SRGS) use intense laser fields to enhance signals. These methods probe vibrational and rotational transitions without requiring infrared absorption. | Concept | Description | |---------|-------------| | Stokes