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Philosophers like Carol Adams ( The Sexual Politics of Meat ) and Josephine Donovan argue that both utilitarian and rights-based approaches rely on abstract, masculine-coded rationality. A feminist care ethics approach emphasizes relationality, empathy, and contextual responsibility. It critiques the industrial exploitation of animals as intertwined with patriarchy and racism.

Animal welfare is the dominant paradigm of the 21st century. It is measurable, scientific, and palatable to industry. Welfare science looks at cortisol levels (stress hormones), stereotypic behaviors (like a tiger pacing in a circle), and latency to move. Philosophers like Carol Adams ( The Sexual Politics

Many modern groups (like Compassion in World Farming) use a two-pronged approach: As Vegan Society CEO George Monbiot argues: "If

As Vegan Society CEO George Monbiot argues: "If you make intensive factory farming illegal, you don't get 'nice' factory farms; you get a collapse in meat supply, which forces a move to plants." In this view, welfare reform is a "Trojan horse" for abolition. you don't get 'nice' factory farms

Key legal concepts:

Legally, animals are chattel (personal property). You cannot sue for a dog; you sue for the loss of your property.